Common protagonists include the historical Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, his Grand Vizier, Jafar al-Barmaki, and the famous poet Abu Nuwas, despite the fact that these figures lived some 200 years after the fall of the Sassanid Empire, in which the frame tale of Scheherazade is set. Numerous stories depict jinn, ghouls, ape people, sorcerers, magicians, and legendary places, which are often intermingled with real people and geography, not always rationally. The tales vary widely: they include historical tales, love stories, tragedies, comedies, poems, burlesques, and various forms of erotica. This goes on for one thousand and one nights, hence the name. The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins another one, and the king, eager to hear the conclusion of that tale as well, postpones her execution once again. The king, curious about how the story ends, is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion. On the night of their marriage, Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale, but does not end it. Scheherazade (Persian: شهْرزاد, Shahrazād, from Middle Persian: شهر, čehr, 'lineage' + ازاد, āzād, 'noble'), the vizier's daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. Shahryār begins to marry a succession of virgins only to execute each one the next morning, before she has a chance to dishonor him.Įventually the Vizier (Wazir), whose duty it is to provide them, cannot find any more virgins. In his bitterness and grief, he decides that all women are the same. Discovering that his own wife's infidelity has been even more flagrant, he has her killed. The main frame story concerns Shahryār ( Persian: شهريار, from Middle Persian: šahr-dār, 'holder of realm'), whom the narrator calls a " Sasanian king" ruling in "India and China." Shahryār is shocked to learn that his brother's wife is unfaithful. Scheherazade and Shahryār by Ferdinand Keller, 1880 Other stories, such as " The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor", had an independent existence before being added to the collection. Some of the stories commonly associated with the Arabian Nights-particularly " Aladdin's Wonderful Lamp" and " Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves"-were not part of the collection in its original Arabic versions but were added to the collection by Antoine Galland after he heard them from the Syrian Maronite Christian storyteller Hanna Diab on Diab's visit to Paris. Most of the poems are single couplets or quatrains, although some are longer. The bulk of the text is in prose, although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion. Some editions contain only a few hundred nights, while others include 1,001 or more. The stories proceed from this original tale some are framed within other tales, while others are self-contained. What is common to all the editions of the Nights is the initial frame story of the ruler Shahryār and his wife Scheherazade and the framing device incorporated throughout the tales themselves. A Thousand Tales), which in turn relied partly on Indian elements. In particular, many tales were originally folk stories from the Abbasid and Mamluk eras, while others, especially the frame story, are most probably drawn from the Pahlavi Persian work Hezār Afsān ( Persian: هزار افسان, lit. Some tales trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic, Egyptian, Indian, Persian, and Mesopotamian folklore and literature. The work was collected over many centuries by various authors, translators, and scholars across West, Central and South Asia, and North Africa.
1706–1721), which rendered the title as The Arabian Nights' Entertainment. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English-language edition (c. One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabic: أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ, ʾAlf Laylah wa-Laylah) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age.
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